Everyone gets anxious from time to time: there's public speaking, job interviews, the dentist and all the rest. For about one in six of us this will cross over into what psychologists term a disorder at some point in our lives. This is when people are almost continuously anxious and find it difficult to concentrate, have trouble sleeping and become irritable and restless. Women are roughly twice as likely as men to suffer from an anxiety disorder.
For the rest of us anxiety will come and go as part of the normal human condition. Whether it's a constant or occasional affliction, dealing with anxiety effectively is important. People are often prescribed drugs for anxiety but these are less effective in the long-term and have side-effects so relaxation training is often preferred. Relaxation training comes in a variety of flavours, but the five methods which have much in common and the most evidence to support them are (Manzoni et al., 2005):
1. Progressive relaxation The most commonly studied type of relaxation therapy may be familiar to you. It involves mentally going around the muscle groups in your body, first tensing then relaxing each one. It's as simple as that. And with practice it becomes easier to spot when you are becoming anxious and muscles are becoming tense as, oddly, people often don't notice the first physical signs of anxiety. This is based on the idea that the mind follows body. When you relax your body, the mind also clears.
2. Applied relaxation Applied relaxation builds on progressive relaxation. First you learn to relax you muscle groups one after the other. The next stage is to cut out the tensing phase and move straight to relaxing each muscle. Next you learn to associate a certain cue, say thinking 'serenity now!' (hello Seinfeld fans!) with a relaxed state. You then learn to relax really quickly. Finally you practise your relaxation technique in real-world anxiety-provoking situations. Once again, mostly this is about mind following the body.
3. Autogenic training Goes back to the 1930s and is another technique for progressively relaxing the muscles. To help you do this it has a mantra which you repeat to yourself as you go around major muscle groups: "my right arm is very heavy" and so on. A second stage involves inducing a feeling of warmth in the muscles. Once they feel 'heavy' from the first stage, you follow another mantra about warmth: "my right arm is very warm" and so on.
Further stages involve calming the heart and the abdomen and cooling the brow in much the same way. Once again, you'll notice that this is all about the mind following a calm body. As before practitioners recommend daily practice so that you can relax more and more quickly. With practice the simple intention to start the training will be enough to cause the body to become relaxed and warm.
4. Meditation Here's our old friend meditation which has so many different benefits.
If you've been reading PsyBlog for a while you'll have seen this come up in numerous contexts. There is certainly evidence that it can work for people who experience anxiety as well. I describe the basics of mindfulness meditation in this article about attention and meditation. Be aware that meditation is quite difficult and the drop-out rates are high from studies which investigate it (Krisanaprakornkit et al., 2006). This suggests some people don't find it particularly acceptable. For people who can manage it, though, the results are often better than the other techniques (Manzoni et al., 2005). Notice that this technique is much more actively related to the mind than the first three methods. It doesn't just target the body and wait for the mind to follow, instead it's about the way attention is focused. This may be partly why people find it harder. Still, it probably won't do any harm to try.
5. Cognitive behaviour therapy
Finally cognitive behaviour therapy, or CBT, targets both mind and body. As it's primarily a talking therapy you normally have to go to a psychologist who will help you target unhelpful thinking patterns. But there are books available that explain how it works (I mention a few here:
6 Self-Help Books for Depression Recommended by Experts). However these don't specifically target anxiety, they're mostly for mild depression. All together now And there's no reason why you should stick to only one approach. When Manzoni et al. looked at studies which used multi-modal techniques, they found these were effective as well.
If you need to relax—for whatever reason and at whatever time—then try one or more of these different methods. As you'll have noticed the effective techniques share a lot in common. Regular practice is the key and, if you give it a chance, the mind really will follow the body.
Seven Signs That You Need to See a Mental Health Professional
Seven Signs That You Need to See a Mental Health Professional
By LAURA L. SMITH, PH.D.
Everyone has bad days. And many have bad weeks. But when feeling depressed, stressed, or anxious stretches out over a period of several weeks and begins to interfere with daily life, then mental health professionals may need to be involved. Here are some signs that you or someone you care about need evaluation and possibly treatment:
1. Suicidal thoughts or plans. If you start thinking that life is not worth living, help is available. You can call your national suicide hotline (see important links thread) or a local mental health center. If you are aware of someone else who has thoughts of suicide, the hotline can advise you of what action you should take.
2. Feeling defeated and hopeless. Life can be tough. But if you feel that there is nothing to look forward to and hopeless, a mental health professional may be able to help you see other possibilities.
3. Unable to work or play because of overwhelming emotional distress. Again, bad times and bad things happen and when they do, people need time to grieve or regroup. But if you seem unable to adjust or adapt, a mental health professional may be able to give you a different perspective.
4. Changes in sleep. Everyone has occasional problems with sleep. But if you experience a significant change in your patterns, check it out with your medical provider who may refer you to a therapist experienced with sleep disorders (be sure to ask).
5. Changes in appetite. Again, first check with your medical provider. But many times, experienced mental health professionals work with clients who have problems with eating.
6. Changes in mood that last for longer than a few weeks. If you struggle with feelings of sadness, anger, or anxiety, help is available. You might first check with your physician to rule out physical reasons, then ask for a referral to a qualified mental health provider.
7. Lack of interest and withdrawal. If you find yourself losing interest in activities that were once pleasurable or withdrawing because of fears or worries, you may benefit from professional help. One final
tip: Not all mental health professionals have expertise in all types of problems. Therefore, be sure to state the nature of your problem as specifically and clearly as you can when you call. Ask if your problem is something the therapist works with regularly. Good luck and take care!
By LAURA L. SMITH, PH.D.
Everyone has bad days. And many have bad weeks. But when feeling depressed, stressed, or anxious stretches out over a period of several weeks and begins to interfere with daily life, then mental health professionals may need to be involved. Here are some signs that you or someone you care about need evaluation and possibly treatment:
1. Suicidal thoughts or plans. If you start thinking that life is not worth living, help is available. You can call your national suicide hotline (see important links thread) or a local mental health center. If you are aware of someone else who has thoughts of suicide, the hotline can advise you of what action you should take.
2. Feeling defeated and hopeless. Life can be tough. But if you feel that there is nothing to look forward to and hopeless, a mental health professional may be able to help you see other possibilities.
3. Unable to work or play because of overwhelming emotional distress. Again, bad times and bad things happen and when they do, people need time to grieve or regroup. But if you seem unable to adjust or adapt, a mental health professional may be able to give you a different perspective.
4. Changes in sleep. Everyone has occasional problems with sleep. But if you experience a significant change in your patterns, check it out with your medical provider who may refer you to a therapist experienced with sleep disorders (be sure to ask).
5. Changes in appetite. Again, first check with your medical provider. But many times, experienced mental health professionals work with clients who have problems with eating.
6. Changes in mood that last for longer than a few weeks. If you struggle with feelings of sadness, anger, or anxiety, help is available. You might first check with your physician to rule out physical reasons, then ask for a referral to a qualified mental health provider.
7. Lack of interest and withdrawal. If you find yourself losing interest in activities that were once pleasurable or withdrawing because of fears or worries, you may benefit from professional help. One final
tip: Not all mental health professionals have expertise in all types of problems. Therefore, be sure to state the nature of your problem as specifically and clearly as you can when you call. Ask if your problem is something the therapist works with regularly. Good luck and take care!
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